ASTM E2340/E2340M-11 (R2021) PDF Download

The ASTM E2340/E2340M-11 (R2021) standard is a test method used to measure the skid resistance of pavements and other trafficked surfaces. It employs the continuous reading, fixed-slip technique to obtain measurements.

The standard covers braked wheel measurements obtained with less than 100% slip and does not include side force measurements. It provides a record of the skid resistance along the entire length of one track of the test surface and allows for averaging of skid resistance values for specified test segments.

Since the standard is used to measure skid resistance on various surfaces and under different circumstances, there are different designs of continuous reading, fixed-slip measuring equipment (CFME) and corresponding test procedures. The standard does not go into specific details about these different equipment and procedures but outlines the essential common principles.

CFMEs function by creating and measuring a frictional force between a test tire operating at a selected slip and the test surface. The frictional force may vary depending on the specific CFME and the method used to measure it. Measurements are taken at a selected steady test speed, which can vary based on the application.

The test surface may be either contaminated or clean and dry. If it is clean and dry, a measured amount of water is typically applied in front of the test wheel. The measuring apparatus can be integrated into a vehicle, a trailer towed by a vehicle, or a manually pushed device.